International Journal of Human Movement Science
ISSN : 1976-4391 (print)
ISSN : 2586-078X (online)
ISSN : 1976-4391 (print)
ISSN : 2586-078X (online)
The Transtheoretical Model-based Physical Activity Intervention on Physical Activity and the Related Psychological Variables in Middle aged WomenSoojin Kang , Youngho Kim 12(1) 1-10, 2018
TitleThe Transtheoretical Model-based Physical Activity Intervention on Physical Activity and the Related Psychological Variables in Middle aged Women
Soojin Kang , Youngho Kim DOI: AbstractThe study examined the effect of the TTM-based physical activity program on BMI, physical activity levels, and psychological in obese women. Thirty eight obese women participated in the 16-week physical activity program. During this period, the study participants’ BMI, physical activity levels, self-efficacy, and perceived benefits and barriers were measured at the three time point. Results indicated that obese women’ BMI significantly decreased and physical activity significantly increased over the program. In addition, exercise self-efficacy and perceived benefits significantly increased but perceived barriers of physical activity gradually decreased over the intervention. This study suggests that it is important to consider not only physical itself, but also the various psychological variables when planning and implementing the weight control program. Key WordsObese women, Weight control, Perceived benefits, Perceived barriers, Physical activity, Self-efficacy |
Examining the Relationship between Body Movement and Language UseHyewon Kang , Yoora Kim , Seungha Park 12(1) 11-21, 2018
TitleExamining the Relationship between Body Movement and Language Use
Hyewon Kang , Yoora Kim , Seungha Park DOI: AbstractWhat is the role of body experience in shaping our thoughts? Building upon past work, this study seeks to better understand how spatial perception can be activated through body movement, and thus might influence language via non-verbal priming. In this study, two groups were manipulated, one (N = 20) adopted an “open” body movement, the other (N = 20) adopted a “closed” body movement. A control group of participants (N= 18) maintained standing upright position while recalling and retelling an autobiographical memory. Participants’ stance was manipulated by repeatedly touching adjacent objects using either outstretched (open) or crossed (closed) arms or maintained standing upright position (control). Narratives were transcribed and analyzed using K-LIWC (Korean Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count). The results showed that linguistic dimensions of ‘personal noun’ and ‘verb’ significantly effect to ‘open’ body movement. Cognitive process dimensions of ‘cognitive process’ ‘discrepancy’ and ‘tentative’ significantly effect to control group. Affective dimension did not significantly effect to among three groups. These results illustrate that such spatial metaphors have the potential to activate different social cognitions during memory recall. Simple behaviors, such as a head nod or a smile, might also cause physiological activation that changes an entire trajectory of psychological and behavioral shifts. Key WordsEmbodied cognition, Body movement, Spatial perception, Language use, K-LIWC |
A Study of Exploring Aspects of Korean Elementary School Teachers’ Role Expectations for Sports InstructorsYongnam Park 12(1) 23-37, 2018
TitleA Study of Exploring Aspects of Korean Elementary School Teachers’ Role Expectations for Sports Instructors
Yongnam Park DOI: AbstractThis qualitative study aimed to explore elementary school (ES) teachers’ role expectations for sports instructors (SIs) and the contexts that influence such expectations. The participants were six ES teachers who had team teaching experience with SIs and who frequently interacted with SIs outside of the classroom. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and documents such as the SI management plan. The data were analysed using inductive analysis. The trustworthiness of data was enhanced through peer debriefing and member checks with the participants. The findings revealed that the participants had three role expectations for SIs. These were influenced by each participant’s three role identities. First, as a team teaching partner, participants expected SIs who have a better understanding of physical education (PE) and students to perform as “semi-ES teachers”. Second, participants expected SIs to perform the role of “sports coach”, helping to produce better outcomes in school sports competitions, as a PE department head (member). Third, as a middle manager, they thought of SIs as “cooperative co-workers” who could adapt well to the school culture. These findings suggest that ES teachers’ identity confusion for SIs depended on the context of the interaction, which formed different role expectations for SIs. Key WordsElementary school teacher, Sports instructor, Role expectation, Role conflict, Physical education |
The Mediating Effect of Spectator Satisfaction in the Relationship between Affective Reaction and Intention to Attend Future Games: Comparison of Three ModelsHa Jaehyun , Ha Jae-pil 12(1) 39-50, 2018
TitleThe Mediating Effect of Spectator Satisfaction in the Relationship between Affective Reaction and Intention to Attend Future Games: Comparison of Three Models
Ha Jaehyun , Ha Jae-pil DOI: AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the potential mediating effect of spectator satisfaction in the relationship between affective reaction and intention to attend games through model comparisons. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, three different models (direct effect, partial mediation, and fully mediation) were developed and tested. Total 261 questionnaires were disseminated and returned. Among them, nine questionnaires were discarded because they were not applicable. There were 252 usable questionnaires. Data were analyzed with frequency analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling using SPSS 18.0 version and AMOS 18.0. The results of this study revealed that the fully mediated model was better because it was more parsimonious although both the partially mediated model and fully mediated model were not different. The fully mediated model indicated that spectators who exhibited more positive affective reaction to the team were more likely to be a great correspondence with intention to attend a game, which was fully mediated by spectator satisfaction. Key WordsAffective reaction, Spectator satisfaction, Intention to attend games, Mediating effect |
The Effects of Metaphoric Visual, Assertive Messages, and Regulatory Focus Toward AdvertisementSung Eun Kim 12(1) 51-59, 2018
TitleThe Effects of Metaphoric Visual, Assertive Messages, and Regulatory Focus Toward Advertisement
Sung Eun Kim DOI: AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the effective communication strategies used between image types (metaphoric and nonmetaphoric) and message types (assertive and nonassertive) for prevention focus and promotion focus consumers. Results indicate that for sports advertisement using metaphoric image, assertive message would have higher advertisement attitude than nonassertive message. Also, for sports advertisement using nonmetaphoric image, nonassertive message would have higher advertisement attitude than assertive message. For promotion focused consumers, using metaphoric image with assertive message have higher advertisement attitude than with nonassertive message. In contrast, for prevention focused consumers, using nonmetaphoric image with nonassertive message have higher advertisement attitude than with assertive message. Key WordsMetaphoric image, Assertive message, Regulatory focus |
Leisure Time Physical Activity and Mental Health: Exploring the Moderating Effects of Socioeconomic StatusJaehyun Kim 12(1) 61-74, 2018
TitleLeisure Time Physical Activity and Mental Health: Exploring the Moderating Effects of Socioeconomic Status
Jaehyun Kim DOI: AbstractIn 2016, an estimated 44.7 million U.S. adults experienced a diagnosable mental illness (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017). A number of clinical and epidemiological studies have found that leisure time physical activity (LTPA) plays a significant role in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. While socioeconomic status (SES) has been a focus in health research, less is known about its moderating effects on the LTPA-mental health link. Therefore, this study examined the differences in rates of mental illness among people with different levels of income, education, and LTPA. The present study further explored the moderating effects of income and educational attainment on the relationship between LTPA and mental illness. The data were obtained from the 2015 U.S. Health Information National Trends Survey (N = 3,677). The results of one-way analysis of variance indicated significant mean differences of scores on mental illness across different levels of income, education, and LTPA. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that the association between LTPA and mental illness was significantly stronger in participants with low income than those with high income. Moreover, the effect of LTPA on mental illness was greater for less educated people than those with highly-educated people. Implications of these findings, as well as future research directions are discussed. Key WordsLeisure time physical activity, Mental health, Socioeconomic status |
Effects of Basic Psychological Needs in Physical Education Classes on Playfulnessin Elementary School StudentsKang Hyoung-kil , Cho Jin-ho 12(1) 75-84, 2018
TitleEffects of Basic Psychological Needs in Physical Education Classes on Playfulnessin Elementary School Students
Kang Hyoung-kil , Cho Jin-ho DOI: AbstractNo identified study has addressed the relationships between basic psychological needs in physical education classes and playfulness of elementary school students although basic psychological needs and playfulness has developmental benefits for elementary school students. Thus the purpose of this study is to explore how basic psychological needs in physical education classes influence playfulness of elementary school students. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed to five elementary schools in I city. Twenty-two incomplete questionnaires were excluded. A total of 278 questionnaires were used for data analysis. Correlations analysis revealed that every subset of playfulness and basic psychological needs are positively correlated. Multiple regression analyses revealed that relatedness positively influences every subset of playfulness while competence positively predicts humorous perspectives and a general playfulness factor. Findings indicated that it is important to foster environments where the relatedness and competence of elementary schoolers are encouraged by physical education teachers. Key WordsElementary school students, Playfulness, Competence, Relatedness, Physical education classes |
Reliability and Validity of a Modified Anaerobic Treadmill Test to Determine Anaerobic Capacity in Male NCAA Division II Soccer Players in USAKenji S. Murao , Taylor K. Bloedon , Rock Braithwaite , Young Sub Kwon 12(1) 85-92, 2018
TitleReliability and Validity of a Modified Anaerobic Treadmill Test to Determine Anaerobic Capacity in Male NCAA Division II Soccer Players in USA
Kenji S. Murao , Taylor K. Bloedon , Rock Braithwaite , Young Sub Kwon DOI: AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop a sports-specific anaerobic capacity test for soccer players that could be administered on commercial treadmills found in most exercise facilities. The Anaerobic Speed Test (AST) is an anaerobic capacity test on a treadmill, however the testing protocol (20% incline, 214 meter/min) cannot be completed on commercial treadmills because they have a maximum incline setting of 15%. This study newly developed the modified Anaerobic Speed Test (mAST) protocol (15% incline, 244 meter/min) through the use of an ACSM metabolic equation to predict energy expenditure equivalent to that of the AST. Fifteen NCAA Division II male soccer players (mean ± SD, age = 20 ± 1.9 yr; height = 181.3 ± 7.9 cm; weight = 74.8 ± 5.2 kg) participated in this study. Subjects participated in three testing days, one AST trial and two mAST trials all done on separate days, and total run time in seconds was recorded for each trial. Mean AST run times (60.5 ± 10.6) had a significantly positive correlation (p<0.001) with mean trial 1 mAST run times (71.9 ± 9.5). Mean trial 1 mAST run times (71.9 ± 9.5) had a significantly strong, positive correlation (p<0.001) with mean trial 2 mAST run times (75.7±10.2). These findings suggest that the mAST is a valid and reliable measure of anaerobic capacity that is sports-specific to running-type athletes and can be administered on commercial treadmills. Key WordsAll-out exercise, Treadmill running, Fatigue, Soccer conditioning |
Clinical Brain SPECT Changes in Accordance to Physical Activity of Seniors WomanShin Chul Ho 12(1) 93-102, 2018
TitleClinical Brain SPECT Changes in Accordance to Physical Activity of Seniors Woman
Shin Chul Ho DOI: AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate about the change which can delay the aging of mind. When senior woman perform aerobic exercise consistently for an extended amount of time, improvements of regional blood flow in brain could be noticed. This could lead to advance research about positive effects of increased brain blood flow to investigate the relation of neurotransmitter, hormone, and relation with cerebrovascular disease. The effects of SPECT(Single Photo Emission Computed Tomography) scan results to brain blood flow. Improvement of blood stream in prefrontal and temporal lobe will help to prevent the dementia. But, to get positive results, it is important to have the seniors exercise. Exercise prescription guideline to the seniors is difficult and demands long period of time to reach the expected goal. One of the important issues is to overcome metabolic syndrome which is often found in seniors. It decreases metabolism of the senior gradually reducing brain activity, eventually failing all physical functions. As a result, it is essential to increase the neurotransmitter and brain blood flow to in order to provide healthy life quality to the seniors. Of all exercises, aerobic exercise increases the oxygen being supplied to brain. It brings positive influence and effect to nervous system and cardiopulmonary monitor, resulting active brain activity. Therefore, in this current society where the senior population is increasing, it is important that we invest in this research within the field of physical education and provide a healthy solution for the '100 year life' generation. Key WordsSPECT Scan, Brain blood flow, Neurotransmitter, Brain, Metabolic |
The Effects of Pilates Exercise on Cardiometabolic Health, Low Back Pain and DiseaseKelly Michiya , Myung Dong Choi 12(1) 103-126, 2018
TitleThe Effects of Pilates Exercise on Cardiometabolic Health, Low Back Pain and Disease
Kelly Michiya , Myung Dong Choi DOI: AbstractPilates is a form of exercise that challenges core strength and seeks to improve both muscular endurance and postural alignment and it may prove to be helpful for those with medical issues in improving general fitness through building strength and flexibility. This paper reviews the studies that investigated the efficacy of Pilates exercises on medical conditions including cardiometabolic parameters, low back pain, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, ankylosing spondylitis, and breast cancer. Due to the limited number of studies investigating cardiometabolic parameters, it is difficult to draw a conclusion despite some favorable findings. While more studies exist on the effect of Pilates on low back pain than studies on other conditions, they are still limited and lack generalizability due to the heterogeneity of participants as well as the variability of exercises prescribed. Even then, it appears that Pilates is feasible and effective in alleviating symptoms associated with low back pain and other medical conditions. Overall, the studies reviewed here have shown high adherences rates in Pilates training with no adverse effects. Key WordsPilates, Cardiometabolic disease, Low back pain, Cancer |
Cognitive Function State Underlying Patterns of Movement Coordination during Behaviors by the Elderly: Applied to a System ApproachChulwook Park 12(1) 127-151, 2018
TitleCognitive Function State Underlying Patterns of Movement Coordination during Behaviors by the Elderly: Applied to a System Approach
Chulwook Park DOI: AbstractThe purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effects of a motor coordination relationship on the executive function of older adults. Bi-manual coordination and eye-hand coordination responses were used to evaluate motor coordination. To assess executive function, the Stroop Color-Word Test was used, which is considered as an ideal tool for studying typical and atypical executive processing. Methodology in this study established which differences in variables were and were not predictive of different Stroop interference scores to determine the most robust motor coordination features related to executive function. Also, these significances were applied to a system approach which considers specific ideas about synergy. The analysis revealed that some significant relationships were detected in light of the variance of Stroop error effects. In particular, discrete bi-manual spatial coordination was most strongly related to the Stroop error effects. This result reflects that the asymmetrical spatial coordination pattern can be regarded as a significant contributor to the executive function of the elderly. Furthermore, these relationships represent the synergetic predictive ability of the model for promising factors to offer new insight via this system, through which the order may take on a new pattern. These findings can be identified as a fresh investigation of the Stroop interference task, providing a template with which motor coordination abilities and the behavioralneuro-aging of the cognitive function can be assessed. Key WordsAging, Stroop interference, Motor coordination, Executive function, System approach |